Sources

Primary sources for the project data:

The source of a given data point is indicated in the “Source” column of our data set, which is downloadable in full here. Subsets of the data can be downloaded through the apps. VOC and WIC archival sources are identified by Dutch National Archive inventory numbers, often followed by page numbers (scans). Data drawn from the Boekhouder-General Batavia are indicated as bgb_##### indcating the voyage number in that database. Newspaper sources indicate the date and publication in abbreviation. Formerly, VOC entries indicate a source number (src_#####), for which further information can be drawn here. Dates of shipments may be cross-referenced in Slave Voyages, Dutch Asiatic Shipping (DAS) or the appendices of Johannes Postma and Henk den Heijer (see bibliography below), as indicated in the “orig_date_src” or “dest_date_src” column. When dates are derived directly from the document, the archives, or are estimated, this is indicated with the abbreviation “doc,” “arch,” or “est”).

Nationaal Archief (Dutch National Archives), The Hague. (abbreviated NA)

• New West India Company (WIC), catalogue reference 1.05.01.02
• United East India Company (VOC), catalogue reference 1.04.02
• Hudde Collection, catalogue reference 1.10.48, inv. nr. 17

Delpher (Historical Newspaper Database). Accessed March 4, 2023. https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten

Hollandse Mercurius (Periodical), Haarlem: Pieter Castelyn, 1651–1691. Consulted at the Newberry Library, Chicago.

Schoonveld-Oosterling, Judith, et al. Bookkeeper-General Batavia: The Circulation of Commodities of the Dutch East India Company in the Eighteenth Century. Amsterdam: Huygens Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis, 2008–2013. Accessed February 13, 2023. https://bgb.huygens.knaw.nl (abbreviated BGB). With thanks to Rik Hoekstra for sharing this data, under CC-BY (NC/SA 4.0).

Slave Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database. Accessed February 26, 2023. https://www.slavevoyages.org/voyage/database

J.R. Bruijn, F.S. Gaastra, I. Schöffer, with E.S. van Eyck van Heslinga, Dutch-Asiatic Shipping in the 17th and 18th Centuries. Accessed March 4, 2023. https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/das (abbreviated DAS)

Additional primary sources:

Zeeuws Archief (Zeeland Archive), Middelburg. Middelburgsche Commercie Compagnie (MCC), 1720–1889, archive number 20

“Stages of the Voyage: Textiles in the Slave Trade,” in On Board the Unity, Zeeland Archives, https://eenigheid.slavenhandelmcc.nl/trajecten-van-de-reis-en/afrika-en/samenstelling-cargazoen/textiel-slavenhandel/?lang=en (accessed February 13, 2023). 

Nationaal Archief (Dutch National Archives), The Hague. Dutch Factory in Canton, catalogue reference 1.04.20

Rigsarkivet (Danish National Archives), Copenhagen. 

• West Indian-Guinean Company. Letters and Documents from Guinea, no. 446, series 121 (1705–1722). (https://www.sa.dk/ao-soegesider/da/billedviser?epid=20202279#292913,59112645)
• “Prove Bog fra Guinea, inkommen med Skibet Christiansborg, den 17 Aug. 1727” (Sample book from Guinea, arrived with ship Christiansborg). West Indian-Guinean Company. Letters and Documents from Guinea (1683–1754), folder 1722–1731. (https://www.sa.dk/ao-soegesider/da/billedviser?epid=20202279#292914,59112920)
• Den Kongelige Dansk Manufakturhandel (Royal Danish Manufactory), no. 379: Diverse ostindiske klædevareprøver (Assorted East Indian textile samples), 1788–1817 (https://www.sa.dk/ao-soegesider/da/billedviser?epid=23157380#511608,89149914)

Secondary Sources

This is not an exhaustive list of all material consulted or referenced in the Visual Textile Glossary on this site, it is meant, instead, to reflect main sources used in our research.

Alpern, Stanley B. “What Africans Got for Their Slaves: A Master List of European Trade Goods,” History in Africa 22 (1995): 5–43.

Anderson, Carrie. “From Textile to Text: Cloth, Slavery, and the Archive in the Dutch Atlantic.” In Making Worlds: Global Invention in the Early Modern Period, edited by Angela Vanhaelen and Bronwen Wilson, 58–84. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2022.

Anderson, Carrie. “Mapping Colonial Interdependencies in Dutch Brazil: European Linen & Brasilianen Identity.” Artl@s Bulletin 7, no. 2 (2018): 56–70.

Anderson, Carrie. “From ‘grof’ to ‘fijn’: Blue-and-White Textiles in the Dutch Atlantic Market.” In Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of World Textiles, vol. 6, Trade and Industry, edited by Brenda Mondragón Toledo, Mariachiari Gasparini, and Anna Arabindan-Kesson. London: Bloomsbury, forthcoming.

Anderson, Carrie, with contributions by Marsely Kehoe. “Textiles and Trade in the Dutch Atlantic World: Albert Eckhout’s African Man and Woman.” In Legacies of the Dutch Slave Trade: Curating Histories, Envisioning Futures, edited by J. Sheers Seidenstein, S. Mallory, et al. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, forthcoming.

Anderson, Carrie and Marsely Kehoe, co-authors and co-editors, Special Issue: Textile Circulation in the Dutch Global Market, Journal of Historians of Netherlandish Art 15:1 (Winter 2023). https://jhna.org/issues/vol-15-1-2023/

Arabindan-Kesson, Anna. Black Bodies, White Gold: Art, Cotton, and Commerce in the Atlantic World. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2021.

Chaudhuri, K. N. The Trading World of Asia and the East India Company, 1660–1760. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978.

Colenbrander, Sjoukje. When Weaving Flourished: The Silk Industry in Amsterdam and Haarlem, 1585–1750. Amsterdam: Aronson Publishers, 2013.

Crill, Rosemary, ed. Textiles from India: The Global Trade. Papers presented at a conference on the Indian textile trade, Kolkata, 12–14 Oct. 2003. Calcutta: Seagull Books, 2006.

Crill, Rosemary. Chintz: Indian Textiles for the West. London: V&A Publishing, 2008.

Crill, Rosemary, ed. The Fabric of India. London: Victoria and Albert Publishing, 2015.

Fotheringham, Avalon. The Indian Textiles Sourcebook: Patterns and Techniques. London: Thames and Hudson and Victoria and Albert Museum, 2019.

Fromont, Cécile. The Art of Conversion : Christian Visual Culture in the Kingdom of Kongo. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2017.

Guy, John. Indian Textiles in the East: from Southeast Asia to Japan. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2009.

Hartkamp-Jonxis, Ebeltje, ed. Sits: Oost-West Relatie in Textiel. Zwolle: Waanders, 1987.

Heijer, Henk den. Goud, ivoor en slaven. Scheepvaart en handel van de Tweede Westindische Compagnie op Afrika, 1674–1740. Zutphen: Walburg, 1997.

Houghteling, Sylvia. The Art of Cloth in Mughal India. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2022.

Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis, VOC-Glossarium. Verklaring van termen, verzameld uit de Rijks geschiedkundige publicatiën die betrekking hebben op the Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie. The Hague: Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis, 2000. http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vocglossarium/zoekvoc

Irwin, John, and P. R. Schwartz. Studies in Indo-European Textile History. Ahmedabad, India: Calico Museum of Textiles, 1966. 

Jones, Adam, ed. West Africa in the mid-seventeenth century: an anonymous Dutch manuscript. African Studies Association Press, 1995.

Jörg, Christiaan J. A. “Chinese Export Silks for the Dutch in the 18th Century.” Transactions of the Oriental Ceramic Society 73 (2008–2009): 1–28. 

Kehoe, Marsely. “Uncollected Material: Utilitarian Textiles in the Early Modern Dutch Trading Network.” In Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of World Textiles, vol. 6, Trade and Industry, edited by Brenda Mondragón Toledo, Mariachiari Gasparini, and Anna Arabindan-Kesson. London: Bloomsbury, forthcoming.

Kriger, Colleen. Cloth in West African History. Lanham, MD: AltaMira, 2006.

Laarhoven, Ruurdje. “The Power of Cloth: The Textile Trade of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) 1600–1780.” PhD diss., Australian National University, Canberra, 1994.

Marees, Pieter de. Description and Historical Account of the Gold Kingdom of Guinea. Translated by Albert van Dantzig and Adam Jones. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.

Martens, Vibe Maria. “Indian Textiles in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Denmark.” PhD diss., European University Institute, 2017.

Montgomery, Florence M. Textiles in America, 1650-1870. 1st ed. A Winterthur Book. New York: Norton, 1984.

Nierstrasz, Chris. Rivalry for Trade in Tea and Textiles: The English and Dutch East India Companies (1700–1800). New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.

Oliver, Liza. Art, Trade, and Imperialism in Early Modern French India. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2019.

Parthasarathi, Prasannan, and Giorgio Riello, eds. The Spinning World: A Global History of Cotton Textiles, 1200–1850. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.

Peck, Amelia, ed. Interwoven Globe: The Worldwide Textile Trade, 1500–1800. New York: Yale University Press, 2013.

Postma, Johannes. The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600-1815. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Ratelband, K., ed. Vijf Dagregisters van het Kasteel Sao Jorge da Mina (Elmina) aan de Goudkust (1645–1647). The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1953.

Riello, Giorgio, and Tirthankar Roy, eds. How India Clothed the World: The World of South Asian Textiles, 1500–1850. Leiden: Brill, 2013. 

Sangar, Satya Prakash. Indian Textiles in the Seventeenth Century. New Delhi: Reliance, 1998.

Skeehan, Danielle. The Fabric of Empire: Material and Literary Cultures of the Global Atlantic, 1650–1850. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2020.

Sugiura, Miki. “The Economies of Slave Clothing in the Eighteenth-Century Dutch Cape Colony.” In Dressing Global Bodies: The Political Power of Dress in World History, edited by Beverly Lemire and Giorgio Riello, 104–29. London: Routledge, 2019.